La toma de decisiones basada en los modelos de investigación de operaciones en algunas empresas industriales del sector agropecuario
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2007
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Universidad EAFIT
Resumen
La investigación se presenta como un trabajo coherente y estructurado, el cual está compuesto por tres capítulos detallados, en los que se muestran todos los antecedentes, las estrategias y los hallazgos que de ella se derivan. En el primer capítulo, se realizan unas consideraciones metodológicas acerca del problema de investigación, donde se hace explícito el planteamiento del problema y el estado del arte como elementos definitivos en la formulación de la temática objeto de la investigación; allí también se realiza una delimitación del objeto de estudio, lo que permite la identificación de las categorías teóricas que se derivan del análisis de las diferentes entrevistas; dichas categorías se pueden clasificar en tres tipos: categorías de relaciones laborales, categorías de control y categorías de dominación. Las características que tipifican a cada una de éstas se explicitan en la interpretación de los hallazgos. Adicionalmente, se realiza una exposición del proceso metodológico utilizado a lo largo del trabajo investigativo. En esta sección, se lleva a cabo un estudio pormenorizado sobre la investigación cualitativa, ya que esta es la modalidad que se ha adoptado para el desarrollo del presente trabajo; identificando las razones por las cuales se ha decidido por este tipo de investigación y la pertinencia para el trabajo en cuestión. A continuación, se efectúa una delimitación de la investigación, desde tres perspectivas, que apuntan hacia la delimitación temática, la delimitación temporal y la delimitación espacial. En este capítulo, también se presta especial interés al proceso llevado a cabo para la aplicación de la entrevista semiestructurada, especialmente, en lo concerniente al acceso a las personas entrevistadas y a los distintos escenarios en los que las entrevistas fueron hechas. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis e interpretación de las entrevistas realizadas, teniendo como punto de referencia las tres temáticas de la investigación: la toma de decisiones, los modelos de investigación de operaciones y las relaciones laborales. En el segundo capítulo, se realiza una investigación conceptual sobre los temas que se establecen como eje central de la investigación. Se parte del proceso de toma de decisiones, donde el análisis se inicia desde los aportes de Frederick Taylor, como principal exponente de la Administración Científica, pasando por Herbert Simon, quien se muestra como un severo crítico del pensamiento Administrativo vigente en torno suyo, y quien aborda principios como los de la organización funcional del producto, e intenta una integración sintética de personas y estructuras, que son desligables en cualquier organización. Además, relanza el pensamiento administrativo hacia nuevas concepciones, donde la organización deviene específicamente de la interacción de variables que se entrecruzan en procesos constantes de reconocimiento del problema, búsqueda de soluciones, análisis de opciones y toma de decisiones. Adicionalmente, se analiza el concepto central esbozado por Simon en la teoría de toma de decisiones: La racionalidad limitada. Se realiza también, una referencia conceptual de Hammond, Keeney y Raifa, quienes presentan un método para tomar decisiones, denominado PROACT, el cual ayuda al decisor a identificar tanto los aspectos tangibles como intangibles de su situación decisoria, y a introducir todos los hechos pertinentes, sentimientos, opiniones, creencias y consejos en la mejor elección posible. Como último punto de este capítulo, se presentan algunas apreciaciones de Peter F. Drucker acerca de la toma de decisiones. Él afirma que los ejecutivos eficaces no toman un gran número de decisiones. Estos normalmente, se concentran en lo que es importante. Intentan realizar unas pocas decisiones importantes al nivel más elevado de entendimiento conceptual, tratan de hallar las constantes de la situación, de detectar lo que es estratégico y genérico, en lugar de intentar resolver problemas. Además se ha citado a Omar Aktouf, quien considera que en la toma de decisiones se manifiesta con máxima claridad la naturaleza de las relaciones dentro de la organización, y sostiene que según los niveles y los cargos asumidos por los individuos, mayor o menor será su capacidad para decidir.
SUMMARY. The investigation is presented as a coherent and structured report, composed by three detailed chapters containing a compilation of background, strategies, and findings of the research. In the first chapter, different methodological appreciations about the investigation problem are developed, in order to make its exposition and art explicit, showing them as fundamental elements in the formulation of the main subject of the research. There is also a delimitation of the object of study that allows the identification of the theory categories which derive from the analysis of the different interviews; categories which play an important roll in the subsequent study of the findings. From the rigorous reading of the interviews, three theory categories have been established and classified as follows: work relationships, control and power categories; where the characteristics defining the before mentioned categories become explicit with the interpretation of the findings. Subsequently, an exposition of the methodological process used during the investigative development is made. In this section, a detailed study about qualitative investigation is elaborated according to the model adopted for the development of the research, thus helping to identify the reasons why this type of investigation has been selected and the convenience for the work in question. The investigation is delimited by three different perspectives that point towards the subject delimitation, temporal delimitation and space delimitation. In this chapter, we paid special attention to the to the ways in which we made contact with the people interviewed, and the different scenes that conducted us to the definition of the semi-structured interview form used, thus achieving the narration of the completed process in the application of the tool developed for such purpose. Furthermore, we proceeded with the analysis and interpretation of the interviews, by focusing on the main subjects of investigation, which are: the decision making process, the investigative models of operations and work relationships. In the second chapter, we made special emphasis on the conceptual investigation about the various topics established as main points of the research. Firstly, we analyzed the decision making process, starting from Frederick Taylor’s contribution as major exponent of the Scientific Administration; passing then by Herbert Simon’s proposal, who shows himself as a severe critic of the administrative thinking, boarding principles like those of the functional organization of the product, approaching the synthetic integration of people and structures that are unlinked in any organization, and re-launching the administrative thinking towards new horizons where the organization comes about from the interaction of variables that intercross in constant processes of recognition of problems, search of solutions, analysis of alternatives and decision making. Additionally, we analyzed the main concept proposed by Simon in his decision making theory: The Limited Rationality. The conceptual reference of Hammond, Keeney y Raifa, is presented also as a technique for decision making called PROACT, that helps individuals to identify tangible and intangible aspects of different situations and introduce pertinent facts, feelings, opinions, believes, and advices, in order to choose the best possible alternative. Finally, we consulted Peter F. Drucker, who states that efficient executives don’t take numerous decisions. They normally concentrate on the most important issues and only take few important decisions at the highest level of conceptual understanding, they try to find the constant elements of the situation and detect what is strategic and generic from it, instead of trying to solve problems. In adition, one has mentioned Omar Aktouf, who considere that in the decision making is more clear the nature of the relations inside of the organization, and says that according to the levels and positions assuming by the individuals, greater or smaller will de their capability for to make decisions. As regards the investigation models of operations, which are the main elements for the decision making process of the given research, various concepts are analyzed: from that one of Roger G. Schroeder, who considers that investigation definitions of operations vary from specific math techniques to the scientific method itself, and allow individuals to optimize the use of the available resources in the production process. We also considered Harold Koontz y Heinz Weihrich proposal, who declare that the investigation of operations is the application of the scientific method to the study of alternatives in a difficult situation, with the aim of obtaining a quantitative basis in order to reach the best possible solution. In relation to work relationships, which are the consequence of the decisions taken under different parameters of the investigation of operations, we consulted Taylor’s point of view. He assures that administration’s main objective, is to guarantee the maximum prosperity for the owner together with the maximum prosperity for employees, in a harmonic atmosphere at work. We also consulted Idalberto Chiavenato, who defends the origins of the work relationships’ theory: the need to humanize and democratize the administration, by liberating it from the rigid and mechanical concepts of the Classic Theory; and adapting it to the new standards of life of employees. In addition, we mentioned R. Wayne Mondy y Robert M. Noe’s postulates, in which they state that internal relationships with employees include management activities directly associated with the movement of employees within the organization. Finally, we quoted Mary Hatch D’s proposal, which presents a wide analysis of the conflicts and contradictions in organizations, and affirms that conflict and cooperation are two assumptions around which organization theories have been built. Also reference to Anne Trebilcock is made, who circumscribes the laboral relation to four actor; the gov, which police and supervise; the company, which represent the place of the action; the unions, which glimpse like union beings and protection for the employees; and the employees, are the subjets that perceive the administrative action. With regard to conceptual investigation, we have made a detailed bibliographic review about ethics in the organizations, which conducted us to consult authors such as Adela Cortina, who exposes that ethics pretend the orientation of the human action in a rational sense; which means in principle, to make the most suitable elections after considering a series of possibilities in every situation and behave accordingly to the decision taken. We also consulted Nicanor Restrepo Santamaría, who states that ethics are present in all the negotiations where rules, norms and individual values are involved. In the third chapter, we proceeded with the interpretation of the empiric findings, starting from the analysis of every interview by identifying the most relevant aspects of each informant and the company’s perspective, and ending with the study about ideas and concepts that interviewed people had about the main topics of the investigation: decision making,investigative models of operations and work relationships.
SUMMARY. The investigation is presented as a coherent and structured report, composed by three detailed chapters containing a compilation of background, strategies, and findings of the research. In the first chapter, different methodological appreciations about the investigation problem are developed, in order to make its exposition and art explicit, showing them as fundamental elements in the formulation of the main subject of the research. There is also a delimitation of the object of study that allows the identification of the theory categories which derive from the analysis of the different interviews; categories which play an important roll in the subsequent study of the findings. From the rigorous reading of the interviews, three theory categories have been established and classified as follows: work relationships, control and power categories; where the characteristics defining the before mentioned categories become explicit with the interpretation of the findings. Subsequently, an exposition of the methodological process used during the investigative development is made. In this section, a detailed study about qualitative investigation is elaborated according to the model adopted for the development of the research, thus helping to identify the reasons why this type of investigation has been selected and the convenience for the work in question. The investigation is delimited by three different perspectives that point towards the subject delimitation, temporal delimitation and space delimitation. In this chapter, we paid special attention to the to the ways in which we made contact with the people interviewed, and the different scenes that conducted us to the definition of the semi-structured interview form used, thus achieving the narration of the completed process in the application of the tool developed for such purpose. Furthermore, we proceeded with the analysis and interpretation of the interviews, by focusing on the main subjects of investigation, which are: the decision making process, the investigative models of operations and work relationships. In the second chapter, we made special emphasis on the conceptual investigation about the various topics established as main points of the research. Firstly, we analyzed the decision making process, starting from Frederick Taylor’s contribution as major exponent of the Scientific Administration; passing then by Herbert Simon’s proposal, who shows himself as a severe critic of the administrative thinking, boarding principles like those of the functional organization of the product, approaching the synthetic integration of people and structures that are unlinked in any organization, and re-launching the administrative thinking towards new horizons where the organization comes about from the interaction of variables that intercross in constant processes of recognition of problems, search of solutions, analysis of alternatives and decision making. Additionally, we analyzed the main concept proposed by Simon in his decision making theory: The Limited Rationality. The conceptual reference of Hammond, Keeney y Raifa, is presented also as a technique for decision making called PROACT, that helps individuals to identify tangible and intangible aspects of different situations and introduce pertinent facts, feelings, opinions, believes, and advices, in order to choose the best possible alternative. Finally, we consulted Peter F. Drucker, who states that efficient executives don’t take numerous decisions. They normally concentrate on the most important issues and only take few important decisions at the highest level of conceptual understanding, they try to find the constant elements of the situation and detect what is strategic and generic from it, instead of trying to solve problems. In adition, one has mentioned Omar Aktouf, who considere that in the decision making is more clear the nature of the relations inside of the organization, and says that according to the levels and positions assuming by the individuals, greater or smaller will de their capability for to make decisions. As regards the investigation models of operations, which are the main elements for the decision making process of the given research, various concepts are analyzed: from that one of Roger G. Schroeder, who considers that investigation definitions of operations vary from specific math techniques to the scientific method itself, and allow individuals to optimize the use of the available resources in the production process. We also considered Harold Koontz y Heinz Weihrich proposal, who declare that the investigation of operations is the application of the scientific method to the study of alternatives in a difficult situation, with the aim of obtaining a quantitative basis in order to reach the best possible solution. In relation to work relationships, which are the consequence of the decisions taken under different parameters of the investigation of operations, we consulted Taylor’s point of view. He assures that administration’s main objective, is to guarantee the maximum prosperity for the owner together with the maximum prosperity for employees, in a harmonic atmosphere at work. We also consulted Idalberto Chiavenato, who defends the origins of the work relationships’ theory: the need to humanize and democratize the administration, by liberating it from the rigid and mechanical concepts of the Classic Theory; and adapting it to the new standards of life of employees. In addition, we mentioned R. Wayne Mondy y Robert M. Noe’s postulates, in which they state that internal relationships with employees include management activities directly associated with the movement of employees within the organization. Finally, we quoted Mary Hatch D’s proposal, which presents a wide analysis of the conflicts and contradictions in organizations, and affirms that conflict and cooperation are two assumptions around which organization theories have been built. Also reference to Anne Trebilcock is made, who circumscribes the laboral relation to four actor; the gov, which police and supervise; the company, which represent the place of the action; the unions, which glimpse like union beings and protection for the employees; and the employees, are the subjets that perceive the administrative action. With regard to conceptual investigation, we have made a detailed bibliographic review about ethics in the organizations, which conducted us to consult authors such as Adela Cortina, who exposes that ethics pretend the orientation of the human action in a rational sense; which means in principle, to make the most suitable elections after considering a series of possibilities in every situation and behave accordingly to the decision taken. We also consulted Nicanor Restrepo Santamaría, who states that ethics are present in all the negotiations where rules, norms and individual values are involved. In the third chapter, we proceeded with the interpretation of the empiric findings, starting from the analysis of every interview by identifying the most relevant aspects of each informant and the company’s perspective, and ending with the study about ideas and concepts that interviewed people had about the main topics of the investigation: decision making,investigative models of operations and work relationships.
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Palabras clave
Toma de Decisiones, Sector Agropecuario, Tesis. Maestría en Ciencias de la Administración, Investigación de operaciones