International Expansion Opportunities For Multi-Level Marketing Via Personal Networks: An Ethnographic Study From Colombia

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dc.contributor.authorFranco, W.
dc.contributor.authorGonzalez-Perez, Maria Alejandra
dc.date.accessioned2020-12-03T19:36:22Z
dc.date.available2020-12-03T19:36:22Z
dc.date.issued2016-01-01
dc.description.abstractAlthough multi-level marketing (MLM) and direct sales companies have risen controversies and ethical concerns in recent years, MLM has rapidly expanded to developing and emerging markets in the last decades. Companies like Yanbal, Amway and Oriflame, are some of the multinationals that have internationalized in the Latin America and the Caribbean. Through a grounded theory approach, and using Colombia as a sample of a Latin American country, the internationalization of these companies was analyzed. A vast amount of the data collection for this study was gathered through an ethnographic immersion, and through participant observation, the activities and recruiting practices of these firms was analyzed to determine if they provided international income opportunities in the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) markets. The ethnographic research found that several multi-level and direct sales companies provide international income opportunities, but do not contribute to the increase of formal jobs creation. The results of this study contribute to the existing literature on multi-level marketing and direct retailing firms and the study provides insights about the internationalization of the MLM companies operating in countries with a predominant population at the BOP through personal networks.eng
dc.identifierhttps://eafit.fundanetsuite.com/Publicaciones/ProdCientif/PublicacionFrw.aspx?id=5176
dc.identifier.doi10.33736/ijbs.509.2016
dc.identifier.issn1511-6670
dc.identifier.otherWOS;000393383800003
dc.identifier.otherSCOPUS;2-s2.0-84983432487
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10784/24501
dc.language.isoengeng
dc.publisherUniversiti Malaysia Sarawak
dc.relation.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983432487&partnerID=40&md5=431721510a735b76448d96723fe91574
dc.rightshttps://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/issn/1511-6670
dc.sourceInternational Journal of Business and Society
dc.subject.keywordInternationalizationeng
dc.subject.keywordMulti-level Marketingeng
dc.subject.keywordDirect Saleseng
dc.subject.keywordBOPeng
dc.subject.keywordLatin Americaeng
dc.subject.keywordBusiness Networkseng
dc.titleInternational Expansion Opportunities For Multi-Level Marketing Via Personal Networks: An Ethnographic Study From Colombiaeng
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleeng
dc.typearticleeng
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioneng
dc.typepublishedVersioneng
dc.type.localArtículospa

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