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Ítem Criminal governance in times of crisis: Evidence from the COVID-19 outbreak in Rio de Janeiro(Universidad EAFIT, 2024-01) Lessing, Benjamin; Monteiro, Joana; Tobón, Santiago; University of Chicago; Fundacao Getulio Vargas; Universidad EAFITIn urban peripheries worldwide, and especially in Latin America, criminal groups use coercive power to impose rules on and provide order to civilians. The reasons why gangs govern in particular ways, or at all, are poorly understood. Many charge taxes in exchange for governance provision—suggesting they act as stationary bandits— but some do not. Many control retail drug markets, but some also earn rents from licit goods and services like cooking gas and internet. During the COVID-19 crisis, anecdotes of gangs enforcing lockdowns and providing health-related public goods suggested they seized opportunities to consolidate their authority and perceived legitimacy. We present novel, systematic data on criminal governance practices in Rio de Janeiro, whose gangs are notoriously militarized, persistent, and—usefully, from our perspective—diverse. While many belong to prison-based drug syndicates, others are police-linked groups known as mil´ıcias. We surveyed residents from almost 200 favelas about local gangs’ type, economic and governance activities, taxation, and pandemic response. Contrary to expectations, we find that drug gangs and mil´ıcias alike earn rents from a range of licit products and services, enjoy similarly high levels of perceived legitimacy, and largely avoided involvement in pandemic response. Yet milicias are far more likely to tax, and seldom sell drugs. Our findings suggest that gangs’ core motives are economic rather than political, that they strategically distinguish between direct taxation and extracting monopoly rents from control over utilities.Ítem The Evolution of Security in South America: a Comparative Analysis Between Colombia and Brazil(Facultad de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad, 2015-06-01) Luis F. Vargas-Alzate; Sosa, S.; Héctor José Galeano DavidThis article studies the evolution of security in South America by comparing the advances of two of its most characteristic cases, Colombia and Brazil, in their transition from traditional security models to the application of the concept of human...Ítem Ocean-estuary exchange variability in a large tropical estuary(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2019-01-01) Aguiar A.L.; Valle-Levinson A.; Cirano M.; Marta-Almeida M.; Lessa G.C.; Paniagua-Arroyave J.F.; Universidad EAFIT. Departamento de Geología; Ciencias del MarOcean-estuary exchange variability was studied from 2008 to 2014 at a low latitude coastal plain estuary, Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil, near 13°S. Wind data from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) were used to complement the results of a high-resolution regional ocean model, ROMS. Volume exchange occurred under two distinct circulation patterns, namely Circ+ and Circ-, that matched the down-estuary (spring/summer) and up-estuary (autumn/winter) wind regimes respectively. Circ+ promoted water-column stratification, while Circ- lasted longer, induced more volume exchange, and reversed the estuarine circulation. In addition, a clockwise lateral circulation (looking into the estuary) occurred during Circ+, whereas a counterclockwise lateral circulation was observed during Circ-. Connectivity was observed between Jaguaripe River and Todos os Santos Bay entrance. Increases in Jaguaripe River discharge, in conjunction with up-estuary winds, promoted a northward advection of the river plume toward the main entrance of the estuary, creating a lateral density gradient over Todos os Santos Bay’ western shoal. Our results demonstrate that findings about estuarine circulation at higher latitudes are applicable to low latitude estuaries when dynamical depth and/or basin's width indicate that Earth's rotation is relevant. © 2018 Elsevier LtdÍtem A Revision of Philander (Marsupialia: Didelphidae), Part 1: P. quica, P. canus, and a New Species from Amazonia(American Museum of Natural History, 2018-01-31) Voss, R.S.; Díaz-Nieto, J.F.; Jansa, S.A.; Universidad EAFIT. Departamento de Ciencias; Biodiversidad, Evolución y ConservaciónThis is the first installment of a revision of the didelphid marsupial genus Philander, commonly known as gray four-eyed opossums. Although abundant and widespread in lowland tropical forests from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, species of Philander are not well understood taxonomically, and the current literature includes many examples of conflicting species definitions and nomenclatural usage. Our revision is based on coalescent analyses of mitochondrial gene sequences, phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, morphometric analyses, and firsthand examination of relevant type material. Based on these results, we provisionally recognize eight species, of which three are formally treated in this report: P. quica (Temminck, 1824), an Atlantic Forest endemic formerly known as P. frenatus (Olfers, 1818); P. canus (Osgood, 1913), a widespread species formerly treated as a synonym or subspecies of P. opossum (Linnaeus, 1758); and P. pebas, a new species endemic to Amazonia. The remaining, possibly valid, species of Philander can be allocated to two clades. The first is a cis-Andean complex that includes P. andersoni (Osgood, 1913); P. mcilhennyi Gardner and Patton, 1972; and P. opossum. The second is a trans-Andean complex that includes P. melanurus (Thomas, 1899) and P. pallidus (Allen, 1901). Among other nomenclatural acts, we designate a neotype for the long-problematic nominal taxon Didelphis superciliaris Olfers, 1818, and (in an appendix coauthored by Renate Angermann), we establish that Olfers' coeval binomen D. frenata is based on an eastern Amazonian type and is a junior synonym of P. opossum. © American Museum of Natural History 2018.Ítem Social accumulation of violence in Rio de Janeiro and Brazil: some reflections(Universidad EAFIT, 2010-12-03) Misse, Michel; Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro (UFRJ)